مفاهیم پایه : انترناسیونالیسم Internationalism

واژه ی انترناسیونالیسم Internationalism، حداقل در سه معنی و مفهوم متفاوت در علوم سیاسی به کار می رود:اولین مفهوم که خود متشکل از مجموعه ای از عقاید و نظریه هاست، در کلیت خود به این باور است که پیشبرد صلح و امنیت جهانی تنها از طریق تدوین و توسعه ی قانون های بین المللی، ایجاد سازمان های بین المللی و همکاری ها و هم زیستی های مسالمت آمیز، امکان پذیر است.

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واژه ی انترناسیونالیسم Internationalism، حداقل در سه معنی و مفهوم متفاوت در علوم سیاسی به کار می رود:


1) اولین مفهوم که خود متشکل از مجموعه ای از عقاید و نظریه هاست، در کلیت خود به این باور است که پیشبرد صلح و امنیت جهانی تنها از طریق تدوین و توسعه ی قانون های بین المللی، ایجاد سازمان های بین المللی و همکاری ها و هم زیستی های مسالمت آمیز، امکان پذیر است. انترناسیونالیسم در این مفهوم، ریشه در دو رویداد تاریخی و نظری دارد. نخست، پیدایش سازمان های صلح بین المللی که از آغاز سده های میانه پا به عرصه ی سیستم جهانی گذاشت. دوم که ریشه در تکامل و فرمول بندی نظریه ی کلاسیک تجارت آزاد در انگلستان دارد. نظریه پردازان انترناسیونالیسم در این مفهوم، به مرور زمان به این مساله پی بردند و معتقد شدند که از یک سو تاثیر گذاشتن بر افکار عمومی در سطح جهانی، یکی از عامل های مهم برای رسیدن به صلح و هم زیستی جهانی است و از سوی دیگر دموکراسی یکی از تعیین کننده ترین عوامل در رسیدن به یک صلح پایدار جهانی و انترناسیونالیسم است.
یک فراکسیون کوچکی از صاحبان این اندیشه، به پیوند تنگاتنگ بین رسیدن به انترناسیونالیسم واقعی و وجود یک دستگاه رهبری فرادولتی در سیستم بین المللی اعتقاد داشتند . اما به بنا به دلایل فراوانی، این دیدگاه نه در سطح سیاسی و نه در سطح دانشگاهی و پژوهشی، به طور جدی مطرح نبوده است. در کنار این دیدگاه، یک فراکسیون میانه رو قرار داشت که از آغاز سده ی 20 میلادی، هم در سطح سیاسی و هم در محیط های پژوهشی نقش و سهم بسزایی داشت. این گروه میانه رو در مورد صلح و امنیت جهانی، به افزایش و توسعه ی همکاری های سازمان یافته ی بین المللی، منطقه ای و ناحیه ای بین دولت های مستقل ملی اعتقاد داشتند. این دیدگاه از نظر نظری و عملی، در پیدایش سازمان های پراهمیت بین المللی از قبیل سازمان جامعه ی ملل (LN) که بعد از پایان جنگ جهانی اول تشکیل شد و سازمان ملل متحد (UN) که بعد از پایان جنگ جهانی دوم شکل گرفت، نقش مهم و بسزایی داشت؛ با تکیه بر این دیدگاه میانه روها، می توان گفت که تشکیل اتحادیه ی اروپا (EU) و یا سازمان همکاری اقتصادی اکو (ECO) یک انترناسیونالیسم منطقه ای به شمار می آید.

2) دومین مفهوم که ریشه درعلوم سیاسی آمریکا دارد، یک درک کاملا متفاوتی از واژه ی انترناسیونالیسم را ارائه می دهد. در این دیدگاه، انتراناسیونالیسم از نظر مفهومی در برابر واژه ی انزواگرایی(1) که همان عدم دخالت آمریکا در مسایل و مشکلات جهانی است، تعریف شده است . به طور ناباورانه می توان گفت که در این مفهوم، واژه ی انترناسیونالیسم یک ریشه ی ناسیونالیستی به خود می گیرد. شاید این به این علت باشد که پژوهشگران و سیاست مداران آمریکایی تعریف از واژه ی انترناسیونالیسم را در چهارچوب سیاست داخلی و خارجی آمریکا خلاصه می کنند. بدین ترتیب، انترناسیونالیسم در این مفهوم، در ارتباط با نقش آمریکا در میزان درگیری های این کشور در حل و فصل مشکلات و کشمکش های بین المللی تعریف و درک می شود.

3) سومین مفهومی که از واژه ی انترناسیونالیسم به ذهن می رسد، ریشه در دیدگاه و نظریه ی مارکسیستی دارد. در دیدگاه مارکسیستی، مفهوم واژه ی انترناسیونالیسم، در واژه ی انترناسیونالیسم پرولتاریایی خلاصه می شود؛ یعنی اعتقاد به همبستگی جهانی طبقه ی کارگر، برای درهم شکستن نظام اقتصاد آزاد جهانی که به نظام جهانی سرمایه داری یا کاپیتالیسم موسوم است.
Kjell Goldmann (1994): “The Logic of Internationalism”, London.

پاورقی ها:
1-Isolationism

منابع:
1- کتاب دانش نامه در علم سیاست، نوشته علی رحیق اعضان، با همکاری مارک گلی، انتشارات فرهنگی صبا، 1384.

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Internationalism is a political movement which advocates a greater economic and political cooperation among nations for the theoretical benefit of all. Partisans of this movement, such as supporters of the World Federalist Movement, claim that nations should cooperate because their long-term mutual interests are of greater value than their individual short term needs.
Internationalism is by nature opposed to ultranationalism, jingoism, realism and national chauvinism. Internationalism teaches that the people of all nations have more in common than they do differences, and thus that nations should treat each other as equals. The term internationalism is often wrongly used as a synonym for cosmopolitanism. 'Cosmopolitanist' is also sometimes used as a term of abuse for internationalists. Internationalism is not necessarily anti-nationalism, as in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.
Modern expression
Internationalism is most commonly expressed as an appreciation for the diverse cultures in the world, and a desire for world peace. People who express this view believe in not only being a citizen of their respective countries, but of being a citizen of the world. Internationalists feel obliged to assist the world through leadership and charity.
Internationalists also advocate the presence of an international organization, such as the United Nations, and often support a stronger form of a world government.
Contributors to the current version of internationalism include Albert Einstein, who believed in a world government, and classified the follies of nationalism as "an infantile sickness".
International Organizations and Internationalism
For both intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations to emerge, nations and peoples had to be strongly aware that they shared certain interests and objectives across national boundaries and they could best solve their many problems by pooling their resources and effecting transnational cooperation, rather than through individual countries' unilateral efforts. Such a view, such global consciousness, may be termed internationalism, the idea that nations and peoples should cooperate instead of preoccupying themselves with their respective national interests or pursuing uncoordinated approaches to promote them.
Sovereign nations vs. supernational powers balance
Internationalism, in the strict meaning of the word, is still based on the existence of sovereign nations. Its aims are to encourage multilateralism (world leadership not held by any single country) and create some formal and informal interdependence between countries, with some limited supranational powers given to international organisations controlled by those nations via intergovernmental treaties and institutions.
The ideal of many internationalists, among them world citizens, is to go a step further towards democratic globalization by creating a world government. However, this idea is opposed and/or thwarted by other internationalists, who believe any World Government body would be inherently too powerful to be trusted, or because they dislike the path taken by supranational entities such as the United Nations or the European Union and fear that a world government inclined towards fascism would emerge from the former. These internationalists are more likely to support a loose world federation in which most power resides with the national governments.
United States
The United States of America is a member of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the United Nations, Central American Free Trade Agreement, the Security and Prosperity Partnership, among others. The United States nearly became a member in the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas, which would have initially opened trade with all nations in North and South America except Cuba.
However, many economic nationalists suspect that "free" trade, one of the aspects of internationalism, with China is not "free" and not under control[citation needed]. What assists in this argument, however, is the fact that China subsidizes their industries 17% to keep their currency artificially low and to tariff American goods.
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
Washington advised the United States, in his Farewell Address, to remain a neutral player in the international political game. He urged the new republic to avoid conflicts and alliances with other nations. Although he felt that economic ties with other nations should be promoted to encourage trade and commerce, political ties should be minimal. He was concerned that having close relations could force the United States to unite with allies to promote their interest and be drawn into their war, such as what later occurred in World War I and World War II. Likewise, he was concerned that strongly discordant relations would do the same and that both situations could force the US into conflicts that may not be important to the US. In addition, he was concerned that these types of relations would cause passion driven foreign policy rather than policy based upon the nation's interest. Quoting him, "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world."
However, George Washington was not the only Founding Father of the United States to advise neutrality in foreign affairs. Thomas Jefferson, stated as early as 1799 that "Commerce with all nations, alliance with none, should be our motto" and in 1801 "I deem [one of] the essential principles of our government [to be] peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none."  However, Jefferson did believe that nations could work together when faced with common threats. As a diplomat in Europe during the 1780s, Jefferson unsuccessfully attempted to organize a multi-national coalition to mount a naval campaign against the Barbary Pirates of North Africa.
Britain
In nineteenth century Britain there was a liberal internationalist strand of political thought epitomised by Richard Cobden and John Bright. Cobden and Bright were against the protectionist Corn Laws and in a speech at Covent Garden on September 28, 1843 Cobden outlined this brand of internationalism:
Free Trade! What is it? Why, breaking down the barriers that separate nations; those barriers behind which nestle the feelings of pride, revenge, hatred and jealously, which every now and then burst their bounds and deluge whole countries with blood...
Cobden therefore believed that Free Trade would pacify the world by interdependence (see Cobdenism), an idea also expressed by Adam Smith in his The Wealth of Nations and common to many liberals of the time. A belief in the idea of the moral law and an inherent goodness in human nature also inspired their faith in internationalism.
In the twentieth century a Gladstonian liberal who became a socialist after World War I, J. A. Hobson in his book Imperialism (1902), anticipated the growth of international courts and congresses which would hopefully settle international disputes between nations in a peaceful way. Sir Norman Angell in his work The Great Illusion (1910) claimed that the world was united by trade, finance, industry and communications and that therefore nationalism was an anachronism and that war would not profit anyone involved but would only result in destruction.
Lord Lothian was an internationalist and an imperialist who in December 1914 looked forward to:
the voluntary federation of the free civilised nations which will eventually exorcise the spectre of competitive armaments and give lasting peace to mankind..
In September 1915 he thought the British Empire was 'the perfect example of the eventual world Commonwealth.
Internationalism expressed itself in Britain through the endorsement of the League of Nations by such people as Gilbert Murray. Both the Liberal Party and more so the Labour Party had prominent internationalist members, like the Labour Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald who believed that our true nationality is mankind.