لغات تخصصی سیاسی 10  
POLITICAL DICTIONARY The Letter J

Jacobinism
the political doctrines of the Jacobins, a society of revolutionary democrats in France during the time of the French Revolution (1789-1794). The term can be used to refer to any political radicalism.
Jeffersonian democracy
refers to the principles held by President Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), some of which, such as the belief in the inalienable rights of the indivdual and the hatred of despotism, can be found in the Declaration of Independence, of which he was the principal author. Jefferson's ideal was an agrarian society, made up of self-sufficent farmers, under the leadership of natural aristocrats by means of republican institutions. Jefferson disliked industrialization and the growth of big cities. He also preferred a weak federal government, with authority vested in state and local government, as a protection against government abuse of power.
jihad
an Arabic term meaning "striving" or "effort" in the service of God, which was applied to political conquest on behalf of Islam. Thus a jihad is a holy war.
jingoism
aggressive and warlike patriotism. Usually used in a derogatory sense. A politician might advocate a jingoistic foreign policy, but he would not call it that-a task which would be left to his opponents.
judicial review
the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether a law is consitutional or not.
judiciary
the branch of government, and the system of courts, that interprets the law.
junta
the term for a military government.
jurisdiction
the right of a political or legal authority to exercise that authority over a territory, subject or person, as in the case came under the jurisdiction of the district court.
jurisdictional dispute
a dispute between government bodies over which one has authority over a particular area, for the providing of services, taxation, or prosecution in a criminal case.
jurisprudence
the science of law, or a system of laws.
just war
a war which is supported by the overwhelming majority of people in the country that is fighting the war, because they believe that they are in the right. World War II is considered a just war, because it was universally known amongst the U.S. and its allies that Nazi Germany was evil. The war in Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s would not generally be referred to as a just war, because the lines between good and evil were not so easy to determine